Institute War Clauses (Cargo) — Scope of War-Risk Coverage and Insurance Period

What Are the Institute War Clauses (Cargo)

The Institute War Clauses (Cargo) are association war risk clauses in marine cargo insurance that provide separate coverage for war risks, which are generally excluded under the standard Institute Cargo Clauses.

Under the usual ICC(A), ICC(B), and ICC(C), war, civil war, revolution, rebellion, related internal strife, hostile acts by or against a belligerent power, capture, seizure, arrest, restraint, or detainment arising from those risks, and damage caused by abandoned mines, torpedoes, bombs, and other abandoned weapons of war are generally excluded.

Therefore, to have coverage for these risks, it is necessary to confirm whether the Institute War Clauses (Cargo) are attached to the insurance contract in addition to the standard ICC clauses.

However, this clause does not cover all losses, costs, or delays arising from war or conflict.

The primary focus is on loss or damage to the insured cargo caused by the war risks enumerated in the clause. Issues such as route changes, port closures, delivery delays, additional storage charges, transshipment costs, and loss of sales opportunities should be distinguished from physical damage to the cargo itself.

Additionally, the Institute War Clauses (Cargo) specify an insurance period different from that of the standard ICC clauses. Generally, coverage begins at loading onto an ocean-going vessel and ends after unloading or 15 days after arrival, so it should not be managed in the same way as typical warehouse-to-warehouse insurance.

Scope Covered in This Article

Item	Contents Covered in This Article	Contents Covered in Other Articles in Detail
Position of the Clause	The role as an ancillary clause providing separate coverage for war risks which are usually excluded under standard ICC	Covered perils and war risk exclusions under ICC(A), ICC(B), ICC(C) respectively
Role within the Series	As the entry point to the Institute War Clauses (Cargo) series, organizing the review sequence and overall structure	Detailed interpretation of insured perils, insurance periods and voyage deviations, and exclusions
Insured Perils	Overview of war, civil war, revolution, rebellion, hostile acts, capture, seizure, arrest, restraint, detainment, and abandoned weapons	Establishment conditions of each insured peril, causation, and evidence evaluation
Determining War Risks	Objective documents to verify government and military actions, parties to hostilities, and official announcements	Legal recognition of armed conflicts under national laws and final legal assessments under international law
Capture, Seizure, Arrest, Restraint, and Detainment	Basic distinctions between war-risk-related arrest, restraint, or detainment and customs, sanctions, or administrative actions	Final determinations of capture and seizure in individual cases
Insurance Period	Loading onto ocean-going vessels, final discharge, the 15-day clause, overview of intermediate and refuge ports	Insurance period and voyage deviations under the Institute War Clauses (Cargo)
Duration of Mine Risks	Extension to barge transport, and 60-day limit regarding floating/sunken mines and abandoned torpedoes	Individual calculation of mine risk periods and special agreements
Voyage Deviations and Termination of the Contract of Carriage	Discharge at alternative ports, deviation from route, transshipment, onward shipment, notifications, and the sequence for confirming any additional insurance premium	Interpretation of voyage deviation and insurance period Articles
Exclusions and Non-covered Risks	Separation from delay, loss or interruption of shipping business, nuclear weapons, unseaworthiness, and unsuitability	Exclusion Articles of the Institute War Clauses (Cargo)
General Average and Salvage Charges	Basic framework of General Average and salvage charges arising to avoid insured war risks	Details of General Average contribution amounts, General Average Bond, and General Average Guarantee
NVOCC and Freight Forwarders	Notification to insurers, organization of routes and cargo movements, contractual confirmation of additional charges	NVOCC liability, forwarder liability, liability limitations, notification deadlines, and litigation periods
Cargo Incident Response	Initial response flow, required documents, damage mitigation, and rights protection vis-à-vis third parties	Insurance claim documents, damage amounts, subrogation, and litigation assessments

How to Read the Institute War Clauses(Cargo) Series

Article	Main Role	Contents to Confirm	When to Read First	Next Items to Check
What Are the Institute War Clauses(Cargo)	Introduction / Overview	Positioning of the Clauses, Differences from Other Clauses, Duration Structure, Order of Confirmation	When Reviewing War Risks Clauses for the First Time	Proceed to Covered Risks, Duration, and Exclusions Depending on the Incident Details
Covered Risks under the Institute War Clauses(Cargo)	Detailed Classification of Insured Risks	War, Civil War, Hostilities, Capture, Seizure, Arrest, Restraint, and Detainment, Abandoned Weapons, etc.	When Confirming Whether the Cause of the Incident Falls under War Risks	Check Whether It Is within the Insurance Period and Whether There Are Any Exclusions
Insurance Period and Voyage Changes in the Institute War Clauses(Cargo)	Detailed Classification of Duration and Route Changes	Loading, Unloading, 15-Day Period, Transshipment, Onward Shipment, Change of Destination	When There Is Port Closure, Discharge at Alternative Port, Transshipment, or Termination of the Contract of Carriage	Check Notifications, Additional Premiums, and Exclusions
Exclusion Provisions of the Institute War Clauses(Cargo)	Detailed Classification of Non-Indemnifiable Losses and Costs	Delay, Interruption of Voyage, Nuclear Weapons, Unseaworthiness / Unsuitability, etc.	When There Is Dispute over Payment of Insurance Despite the Existence of Covered Risks	Check Cause of Loss, Causation, and Special Agreements

Purpose and Background of the System

In marine cargo insurance for overseas shipments, standard transport risks such as fire, grounding, sinking, collision, seawater ingress, and cargo shifting are treated separately from war risks including war, civil war, and military hostilities.

War risks differ from ordinary transport incidents in frequency of occurrence, scale of damage, concentration, regional focus, and volatility due to political situations. Insurers need to manage underwriting conditions, routes, regions, and premiums flexibly.

Therefore, standard ICC(A), ICC(B), and ICC(C) exclude war risks, which are instead covered under separate clauses such as the Institute War Clauses (Cargo), defining the scope of coverage and insurance period.

An important characteristic of the Institute War Clauses (Cargo) is that its insurance period is closely linked to sea navigation by ocean-going vessels, more so than the standard ICC terms.

While standard ICC terms generally cover the cargo from warehouse to warehouse along the transport chain, war risk clauses typically begin once the cargo is loaded onto the ocean-going vessel and end after unloading or after a limited period post-arrival.

Therefore, in the case of war risk incidents, it is necessary to precisely confirm not only the cause of the incident but also the exact location of the cargo at the time of the event—whether on a specific vessel, at a port, on a barge, in a warehouse, or at a transshipment point.

Basic Structure of the Clause

Clause Section	Main Content	War Clause Specific Issues	Key Reference Materials	Details to Confirm
Covered Risks	War, civil war, revolution, rebellion, internal strife, hostile acts, etc.	Presence or absence of military, national, or hostile background	Government and military authority announcements, accident reports, voyage records	Article on Covered Risks
Capture, Seizure, Arrest, Restraint, and Detainment	Capture, seizure, arrest, restraint, and detainment arising from insured war risks	Distinction from ordinary administrative, customs, or sanction measures	Arrest, restraint, or detainment orders and official notices, shipping line notices	Article on Covered Risks
Abandoned Weapons	Abandoned mines, torpedoes, bombs, and other war devices	Accidents caused by contact after the end of war could also be an issue	Marine casualty reports, military and coast guard announcements, survey reports	Article on Covered Risks
General Average and Salvage Charges	General average and salvage charges incurred to avoid loss from covered war risks	Relationship between expenditures for common safety and covered war risks	General average declarations, adjusters' notices, guarantees	Articles related to General Average
Exclusion Clauses	Delay, abandonment of voyage, nuclear weapons, unseaworthiness, and unfitness	Costs and indirect damages should be confirmed separately even if war is the background	Damage cause materials, cost details, contract of carriage	Article on Exclusion Clauses
Insurance Period	Loading onto ocean-going vessel, unloading, 15 days after arrival, etc.	May be a narrower period compared to standard warehouse-to-warehouse insurance	Loading records, unloading records, AIS, port logs	Articles on Insurance Period and Voyage Changes
Intermediate and Refuge Ports	15 days at intermediate or refuge ports, resumption upon reloading for onward shipment	Coverage gaps after 15 days and resumption upon reloading	Transshipment plans, unloading and reloading records	Articles on Insurance Period and Voyage Changes
Termination of the Contract of Carriage	Treatment of termination port as final unloading port, resumption upon reloading for onward shipment	Prior notice before onward shipment and any additional insurance premium	Termination notices, onward shipment instructions, insurer responses	Articles on Insurance Period and Voyage Changes
Voyage Changes	Change of destination, deviation, exercise of carrier's discretionary rights	Timely notification and agreement on rates and conditions	Change instructions, Bill of Lading, communications with insurer	Articles on Insurance Period and Voyage Changes
Claims and Loss Mitigation	Insurable interest, insurance benefits, loss mitigation, preservation of rights, etc.	Clause structure common with ICC2009 main body	Sales contracts, Claim Letters, notification records	Articles on Common Clauses of ICC2009

Situations Where the Institute War Clauses(Cargo) Are Relevant

Situation	Reason for Confirmation	Main Issues	Primary Documents	Other Contracts/Clauses to Check
Transportation through conflict zones	Standard ICC does not cover war risks	Inclusion of War Clauses, route, additional insurance premium	Insurance policy, shipping route, booking, insurer’s notice	B/L, war risks endorsement
Armed attack on the vessel	To verify causal relationship between hostile acts and cargo damage	Attacker identity, military background, cargo damage	Captain’s report, official announcements, survey report	Standard ICC, War Clauses
Capture, seizure, arrest, restraint, or detainment of vessel or cargo	To confirm whether the restriction arises from covered war risks	Authority involved, reason for the arrest, restraint, or detainment, relation to covered risks	Arrest, restraint, or detainment orders, government announcements, shipping line notices	B/L, sanction and administrative procedure documents
Arrest, Restraint, or Detainment for Military Reasons	To distinguish from ordinary port congestion or administrative inspection	Military/political background, inability to deliver cargo	Authority notices, port records, cargo movement data	Contract of Carriage, storage agreement
Contact with abandoned mines or torpedoes	To verify specific period rules for abandoned weapons hazards	Type of weapon, timing of incident, position on barge/vessel	Marine casualty report, military authority announcements, survey report	Period provisions for mine risks
Military blockade or closure of destination port	Alternate unloading, voyage change, and additional costs may arise	Cargo damage or delay/cost issues	Port closure notices, shipping line notices, B/L	Discretionary clause, additional charges clause
Unloading at intermediate or refuge port	To confirm the 15-day rule and resumption on reloading	Arrival date, unloading location, reloading date	Port log, Equipment Interchange Receipt (EIR), transshipment records	Insurance period clause
Termination of the Contract of Carriage	The port of termination is treated as the final discharge port	End of insurance period, notification before onward shipment, and additional premium	Termination notice, cargo location, insurer response	House B/L, standard trading conditions
General average to avoid war risks	Potential coverage of general average and salvage charges	Common safety, abnormal expenses, relation to covered risks	General average declaration, adjuster documents, guarantees	Contract of Carriage, York-Antwerp Rules

Application Requirements and Exclusions List

Verification Item	Positive Requirement	Insufficient Fact Alone	Outside the Scope of This Article	Practical Measures
Inclusion of Clause	Confirmed attachment of the Institute War Clauses (Cargo) in the Policy, Certificate, Schedule, etc.	Only the fact that ICC(A) is attached	Final interpretation of contract if contract documents are missing	Obtain clause name, version, effective date, and Endorsement
War, Civil War, etc.	Objective evidence confirming war, civil war, revolution, rebellion, domestic conflict, etc.	Only the fact that the incident occurred in a conflict zone	Final determination of armed conflict under international or domestic law	Collect announcements from government, military, international organizations, etc.
Hostile Acts	Confirmed as hostile acts committed by or against belligerents	Only the fact that weapons or explosives were used	Final liability determination as a criminal case	Clarify the actor, target, purpose, and background
Capture, Seizure, Arrest, Restraint, and Detainment	Capture, seizure, arrest, restraint, or detainment arising from covered war risks	Only the fact that cargo or vessel was stopped by authorities	Lawfulness of administrative actions based on sanction laws, customs laws, etc.	Confirm the acting authority, legal basis, and relation to covered war risks
Abandoned Weapons	Contact or explosion with abandoned mines, torpedoes, bombs, etc., causing cargo damage	Only the fact that an underwater explosion occurred	Final identification of weapon manufacturer or user country	Secure information from military authorities, coast guard, survey reports
Loss or Damage to Cargo	Causal link between insured peril and physical damage to insured cargo	Only the fact that the voyage was interrupted or delayed	Final damage amount assessment	Secure photos, survey reports, conditions before and after the incident
Insurance Period	At the time of incident, cargo was within the war clauses specific insurance period	Only the fact that it was within the normal ICC main insurance period	Final determination when incident timing is unclear	Chronologically organize loading, arrival, unloading, transshipment
15-Day Rule	Calculation period starts from 12:00 PM on vessel arrival date and unloading time confirmed	Only the fact that cargo remained at port for less than 15 days	Final interpretation of any period changes by individual endorsements	Verify definition of arrival, Port Log, unloading records
60-Day Limit for Mine Risks	Conditions met for floating/sunken mines or abandoned torpedoes risk within 60 days post unloading, etc.	Understanding that all war weapons are covered for 60 days	Extension terms specifically approved by insurer	Separately verify weapon type and unloading dates
General Average and Salvage Charges	Incurred to avoid losses caused by covered war risks, determined according to contract and applicable law	Only the fact that the shipowner declared general average	Final calculation of general average contribution ratios and accepted items	Submit declaration reasons, adjuster documents, and guarantees to insurer
Additional Charges	Justified by general average, salvage charges, individual endorsements, reasonable loss mitigation expenses, etc.	Only the fact that expenses were incurred related to war risks	Final allocation of costs between contract parties	Confirm separately the insurance clauses and contract of carriage bases

Overview of the Main Covered Perils

Covered Peril	Basic Description	Required Causal Relationship	Main Verification Documents	Points to Confirm in Detailed Articles
War and Civil War	War between nations or armed conflict within a country	Damage to cargo caused by war or civil war	Government/military announcements, captain’s report, survey	Whether formal declaration of war is necessary, nature of armed conflict
Revolution, Rebellion, Insurrection	Organized armed actions against government or governing authority	Direct link between the act and cargo damage	Official announcements, incident records, voyage logs	Distinction from riots and civil commotion
Domestic Strife	Armed conflicts within a country arising from covered war or civil war risks	Relation to the underlying covered peril	Military situation reports, government announcements, local reports	Distinction from mere public disorder or deterioration of security
Hostile Acts	Hostile actions carried out by or against belligerent parties	Loss or damage to cargo caused by hostile acts	Attack reports, captain’s report, official announcements	Boundary with terrorism and malicious damage
Capture, Seizure, Arrest, Restraint, and Detainment	Capture, seizure, arrest, restraint, or detainment arising from covered war risks	The capture, seizure, arrest, restraint, or detainment must arise from the covered war risks in the first group	Arrest, restraint, or detainment orders and official notifications, shipping line reports	Distinction from administrative, customs, and sanctions measures
Abandoned Mines, Torpedoes, Bombs, etc.	Damage caused by weapons abandoned during past wars or conflicts	Impact or explosion from abandoned weapons causing cargo damage	Military authority announcements, marine casualty reports, survey	Type of weapon and insurance period

Objective Materials to Confirm Applicability of War Risks

The mere fact that an incident occurred in a conflict zone does not necessarily mean the damage falls under war risks covered by the Institute War Clauses (Cargo).

In practice, multiple objective sources are used to verify the responsible party, military background, targets, authority of the officials, incident location, and causal relationship to the cargo damage.

Source	Information Confirmed	Role as Evidence	Points to Note	How to Preserve
Official Announcements from Government, Defense, and Military Authorities	Armed conflict, attacking party, military actions, affected areas	Crucial primary source on war and hostilities	Initial announcements may differ from later confirmed information	Preserve original text, announcement date and time, PDF, and URL
Navigation Warnings from Coast Guard, Navy, Maritime Authorities	Mines, attacks, navigation restrictions, danger zones	Primary source linking maritime incidents and hazardous areas	Cross-check warning period and actual vessel transit times	Save warning number, issue date and time, and affected coordinates
Notices from Port Authorities and Terminals	Port closures, entry restrictions, cargo operations suspension, cargo location	Primary source to verify logistics progress	Closure alone does not prove cargo damage resulted from war risks	Preserve circulars, emails, bulletins, and update history
Captain's Reports and Vessel Incident Reports	Attacks, explosions, detainment, deviation, cargo damage development	Important document linking the incident and cargo damage	Distinguish between facts and conjecture	Confirm signature, creation date, vessel name, voyage number
Operational Notices from Shipping Lines and NVOCCs	Route changes, alternate discharge ports, contract termination, transshipment	Documentation on contract of carriage developments	Evaluate separately from insurance war risks coverage determination	Preserve notice date and time, issuing department, relevant B/L
AIS, Port Logs, Voyage Diaries	Vessel position, arrival, anchoring, departure, deviation	Supporting materials for insurance period and incident timing	Do not rely solely due to possibility of AIS outages or false signals	Save acquisition date and time, time zones, original data
Arrest, Restraint, or Detainment Orders and Capture or Seizure Notices	Acting authority, legal basis, reasons, and affected vessel and cargo	Key documentation on capture, seizure, arrest, restraint, or detainment	Confirm whether caused by war risks or administrative action	Keep originals, translations, case numbers, issuing authorities
Survey Reports, Photographs, Videos	Cargo damage from explosions, shocks, fire, flooding, etc.	Evidence of causality and extent of damage	Legal classification of war risks should be combined with other sources	Preserve original files, metadata, and location details
Reliable Press and Expert Agency Information	Incident background, parties involved, regional situation	Supplementary material	Do not make final coverage decisions based on media alone	Keep media source, publication date and time, article copies

Even if the war risks applicability is not confirmed immediately after the incident, cargo location, incident date and time, vessel, route, official announcements, and cargo condition should be reported promptly to the insurer. It is important not to delay the initial report while awaiting final military or political evaluations.

Basic Distinctions between Capture, Seizure, Arrest, Restraint, and Detainment

Term	General Meaning	War Risks Verification Factors	Facts Insufficient by Themselves	Main Sources
Capture	The vessel or cargo is taken under control in connection with hostile acts or other covered war risks	Belligerent parties, military authority, and relation to covered war risks	The mere fact that cargo is temporarily withheld	Authority orders, military announcements, captain’s reports
Seizure	The vessel or cargo is taken or placed under control by a public authority or similar body	The seizure must arise from covered war risks	The mere fact that customs or port authorities stop the vessel	Seizure notices, legal grounds, and official documents
Arrest	The vessel or cargo is formally arrested or legally held by an authority	The arrest must result from war, civil war, hostile acts, or another covered war risk	A stop caused solely by document deficiencies, customs procedures, or safety inspections	Arrest orders, port records, and carrier notifications
Restraint	Movement, navigation, or disposal of the vessel or cargo is prevented or restricted	The restraint must be based on military measures or another covered war risk	A restriction caused only by commercial suspension or port congestion	Military or maritime authority notices and operational records
Detainment	The vessel or cargo is held for a period and cannot proceed or be delivered	The detainment must arise from covered war risks	Sanctions, creditor claims, customs inspections, or administrative actions alone	Detainment orders, statements of reasons, and cargo movement records

In this article, capture, seizure, arrest, restraint, and detainment are used as the clause terms corresponding to the standard English wording. Their Japanese translations do not always correspond one-to-one with these English concepts. The original clause wording, acting authority, legal basis, reason for the restriction, and causal relationship with a covered war risk must therefore be confirmed.

Ordinary customs inspections, violations of import regulations, suspected sanctions violations, creditor enforcement, or detainment due to unpaid port charges do not automatically qualify as war risks, even where operational documents use words such as “seizure” or “detention.”

Comparison of Standard ICC, Strikes Clauses, and War Clauses

Comparison Item	Standard ICC (A)(B)(C)	Institute Strikes Clauses (Cargo)	Institute War Clauses (Cargo)	Practical Confirmation Sequence
Main Role	Basic clause covering normal transport risks	Separately covers strikes, riots, certain terrorism risks, etc.	Separately covers war, civil war, hostile acts, abandoned weapons, etc.	Classify the accident cause preliminarily and confirm applicable clauses
War and Civil War	Generally excluded	Generally excluded	Confirmed as covered war risks	Check parties involved in hostilities, armed acts, and official announcements
Capture, Seizure, Arrest, Restraint, and Detainment	Confirm relationship with war exclusion	Usually not a primary coverage target	Confirm if arising from covered war risks	Obtain the grounds for the arrest, restraint, or detainment and the legal basis
Abandoned Mines, Torpedoes, Bombs	Confirm relationship with war exclusion	Usually not covered	Confirmed as covered war risks	Check type of weapon, timing of accident, and insurance period
Strikes, Labor Disputes	Generally excluded	Cover direct cargo damage caused by participants	Usually not a primary coverage target	Distinguish between labor disputes and military hostilities
Riots, Civil Commotion, Certain Terrorism Acts	Generally excluded	Confirm actor, motive, and direct damage	If escalated to war, civil war, or hostile acts, confirm separately	Clarify actors, motives, and military background
Basic Insurance Period	Ordinary transport process from warehouse to warehouse	Period structure aligned with standard ICC	Generally from loading on ocean vessel to unloading plus 15 days	Check cargo location at accident time by clause type
Loss Due to Delay	Generally excluded	Generally excluded even if caused by covered risks	Generally excluded even if caused by covered risks	Differ between physical damage and costs/indirect loss

Comparison of Insurance Periods Between Standard ICC and War Risks

Items for Confirmation	Standard ICC2009 Main Text	Institute War Clauses (Cargo)	Basis for Period Calculation	Practical Notes
Insurance Commencement	At the first movement for transport start	When the insured cargo or part of it is loaded onto an ocean-going vessel	Check individually for each part of the cargo	The period may exclude time during factory, warehouse, or inland transportation
Basic Termination at Final Port	Upon completion of unloading from the means of transport at the final warehouse, etc.	At unloading from the ocean-going vessel, or earlier of unloading date or 15 days after noon on the vessel’s arrival date	Confirm both unloading date and vessel arrival date	The coverage may end 15 days after arrival even if cargo remains on board
Meaning of Arrival	Confirm mainly based on transport progress and unloading operations	Anchoring, mooring, or berthing within the port authority’s jurisdiction such as at berth	If berth is unavailable, use the first mooring at port or offshore	Do not start counting solely from the date of berth arrival
Intermediate Ports and Shelter Ports	Confirm whether part of normal transport progress	Continues from noon of arrival date for 15 days, then resumes upon loading onto feeder vessel, etc.	Confirm arrival date, unloading date, and reloading date	Gap period may arise between expiry of 15 days and reloading
Within 15 Days at Intermediate Port	May continue if within normal transport process	Continues only while cargo remains at the port/location after unloading	Confirm cargo location	Check with insurer on treatment if cargo is moved elsewhere
Termination of the Contract of Carriage	Confirm notification and continuation conditions	Termination port is treated as final unloading port; applies specified termination	Confirm termination notice, arrival, and unloading	Prior notice and additional premium are required for onward shipment
Onward Shipment	Confirm normal transport progress and destination change	Resumes upon loading onto feeder ocean-going vessel after unloading	Confirm loading date and time	Notify the insurer before onward shipment begins
Re-departure Without Unloading	May be considered continuous transport	Resumes when the vessel departs under specified conditions	Confirm departure time	Check notification and additional premium conditions
Drifting and Sunken Mines, Abandoned Torpedoes	Check in relation to normal war exclusions	Extended to lighter transport to/from ocean-going vessel but generally not over 60 days after unloading	Confirm type of weapon, lighter transport, and unloading date	Not all abandoned weapons are uniformly subject to a 60-day limit

Basic Structure of the 15-Day Rule

The 15-day rule in the Institute War Clauses (Cargo) does not simply mean that coverage continues for 15 days after unloading.

At the final port of discharge or place of unloading, coverage generally ends at the earlier of the following:

Possible End Points	Starting / Occurrence Point	Priority Relationship	Verification Documents
Unloading from ocean-going vessel	When the insured cargo or part of it is actually unloaded	If unloading occurs before 15 days have passed, coverage ends at that unloading	Discharge Report, EIR, Terminal Records
15 days after arrival	Count 15 days from 12:00 noon on the vessel’s arrival date	Coverage may end at 15 days even if cargo remains onboard	Port Log, AIS, Carrier’s Arrival Report

Therefore, even if unloading takes a long time after vessel arrival, coverage under the War Clauses does not continue indefinitely.

If unloading is done at an intermediate or refuge port for transshipment, coverage continues for 15 days starting from 12:00 noon of the arrival day. However, this 15-day period applies only while the unloaded cargo remains at the said port or location.

After 15 days, coverage is reinstated when the cargo is loaded onto the ocean-going vessel or aircraft for onward shipment. Consequently, it is necessary to confirm whether any coverage gaps exist between the end of the 15-day period and reloading.

60-Day Extension for Mines Risks

For drifting mines, submerged mines, and abandoned torpedoes, there is a different treatment regarding the coverage period compared to regular war risks.

Coverage for these risks extends even while the insured cargo is loaded on a lighter during transport to or from an ocean-going vessel.

However, except when specifically agreed upon by the insurer, coverage does not extend beyond 60 days after discharge from the ocean-going vessel.

This 60-day period differs in purpose and applicable risks from the 60-day clause at the final port of discharge found in the main body of the standard ICC.

Furthermore, the 60-day extension in the Clause applies specifically to drifting and submerged mines and abandoned torpedoes. Do not assume that the same 60-day period applies uniformly to all “abandoned bombs or other war weapons.”

Application Decision Flow

Step	Check items	Decision branch	Practical response
1	Identify the insurance contract and individual Certificate	Which insurance contract applies?	Match Policy number, Certificate number, and cargo
2	Confirm attachment and version of the Institute War Clauses (Cargo)	Are War Clauses attached?	Obtain Schedule, Endorsement, and list of Clauses
3	Pre-classify the cause of the incident	War, civil war, hostile acts, capture, abandoned weapons, strikes risk, or general accident	Report suspending multiple possibilities at first notification
4	Confirm the actor, authorities, and military background	Could this fall under insured war risks?	Gather reports from government, military, maritime authorities, and ship captain
5	Check for total loss or damage to cargo	Is it physical damage or delay/cost only?	Conduct photos, inspection, and survey
6	Confirm cargo location at time of incident	Ocean-going vessel, barge, transshipment port, refuge port, or warehouse	Chronologically organize loading, unloading, and cargo movement
7	Confirm insurance commencement and expiry	Before loading, on board, after unloading, or after 15 days have passed	Cross-check Port Log, AIS, and unloading records
8	Confirm transshipment port, refuge port, and termination of the contract of carriage	Whether the contract continues for 15 days, ends, or restarts upon reloading	Notify insurer and confirm conditions for onward shipment
9	Confirm change of destination, route deviation, or discharge at different port	Change by insured or discretionary exercise by carrier	Discuss tariffs, conditions, and additional insurance premiums
10	Check for exclusion clauses	Delay, interruption of voyage, nuclear weapons, unseaworthiness, or unsuitability, etc.	Separate insured risks from exclusion causes
11	Confirm general average, salvage charges, and expense mitigating costs	Is there a connection to avoidance of insured risks?	Submit declarations, adjustment documents, and detailed costs to the insurer
12	Confirm preservation of rights against carriers, NVOCCs, etc.	Should insurance claims and third-party claims proceed in parallel?	Manage Claim Letters, notification deadlines, and litigation periods

Relationship with General Average and Salvage Charges

Under the Institute War Clauses (Cargo), general average and salvage charges incurred to avoid or in connection with avoiding losses caused by covered war risks may be insured, provided they are settled or determined according to the contract of carriage, governing law, or customary practice.

The mere declaration of general average does not guarantee any payment under the War Clauses.

It is necessary to verify whether the general average act was conducted to avoid war risks covered by the War Clauses, or if it was due to ordinary marine perils, machinery failure, commercial decisions, or other reasons.

Typical Example: Deviating to an Alternative Port to Avoid Hostilities or Mine Danger

If a vessel faces hostilities or mine danger on its planned route and navigates to a safe alternative port to ensure the common safety of the ship, crew, and cargo on board,

additional costs such as extra fuel expenses, costs for the diversion port, emergency unloading, and reloading may arise, prompting the shipowner to declare general average.

Whether these costs qualify as general average depends on whether they represent an extraordinary sacrifice or expenditure intentionally and reasonably made for the common safety, judged in accordance with the contract of carriage, applicable law, the York-Antwerp Rules, and other relevant criteria.

From the cargo side, the general average declaration, General Average Bond, General Average Guarantee, notifications from the general average adjuster, the captain’s report, and official announcements regarding war risks should be submitted promptly to the insurer.

Documents to Check Regarding Cost Allocation Between NVOCC and Freight Forwarder

Whether cargo insurance covers certain costs is a separate matter from who among the shipper, carrier, NVOCC, or freight forwarder is responsible for bearing additional charges.

Even costs not covered by war risks insurance are not automatically borne by the NVOCC or freight forwarder. Conversely, even if such costs are payable under cargo insurance, the rights and liabilities established by the contract of carriage do not necessarily cease.

Document / Condition	Items to Confirm	Potential Costs / Liabilities	Notes	Practical Handling
Master B/L Clauses on Reverse	Route changes, departures from route, alternative ports, discharge, storage, termination of the contract of carriage, additional charges	Alternate port discharge, onward shipment, storage, additional freight	Conditions may differ from those on House B/L	Cross-check applicable clauses with carrier notices
House B/L Clauses on Reverse	NVOCC discretionary authority, termination of the contract of carriage, shipper’s cost responsibility	Alternative transport, storage, additional handling fees	Confirm responsibility as Contracting Carrier	Check issued B/L edition and embedded clauses
Standard Trading Conditions	Role as intermediary, agent, or carrier; additional charges; exemptions; subcontractors	Arrangement modification fees, third-party costs, emergency handling fees	Must be validly incorporated into the contract	Compare with quotation, framework agreement, and order documents
Booking Confirmation	Scheduled route, transshipment ports, Free Time, additional conditions	Route change charges, booking amendment fees, Demurrage, etc.	May specify individual terms before B/L issuance	Keep the version effective at booking time
Carrier Tariff & War Risk Surcharge Notices	Danger area surcharge, applicable routes, applicable periods, rates	War Risk Surcharge, additional freight charges	Separate from cargo insurance’s war risks premium	Verify billing period, voyage, and container unit
Quotation / Freight Terms	Costs included in freight, actual costs charged separately, danger area surcharges	Onward shipment costs, storage fees, additional freight, urgent handling charges	Even all-in rates may specify exceptional charges	Confirm actual-cost settlement terms and retain explanations
Change Instructions from Shipper / Buyer	Who decided on route changes, alternate port discharge, storage, onward shipment	Additional charges arising from commercial decisions	Distinguish between carrier reasons, authority orders, and shipper reasons	Keep records of instruction time, options, and approver
Arrival Notice / D/O	Discharge port, earliest pick-up date, fees, cargo delivery terms	D/O fee, storage fees, gate-out related costs	Scheduled port and actual discharge port may differ	Confirm cargo location and cost start date
Insurance Policy / Endorsement	War Clauses, danger areas, coverage period, additional premiums, special conditions	Cargo damage, general average, salvage charges, etc.	Not a document determining cost allocation under the contract of carriage	Differ insurance claims from claims under the contract of carriage
Shipping Line / NVOCC Notice of Termination of the Contract of Carriage	Termination port, discharge, onward shipment, cargo pick-up, additional charges	Storage fees, onward shipment costs, shipper arrangement charges	Cross-check notice date with War Clauses’ period calculation	Notify insurer immediately

Common Practical Problem Cases

Case	Main Issues	Documents to Check	Initial Response
The vessel was attacked in a conflict zone, causing cargo damage	Hostile acts, cargo damage, attachment of War Clauses	Captain’s report, government announcements, survey report, insurance policy	Notify the insurer promptly of cargo location and damage status
The vessel was subject to capture, seizure, arrest, restraint, or detainment for military reasons	Whether the restriction arises from covered war risks	Notice of capture, official announcements, B/L, shipping line notice	Confirm the grounds for the arrest, restraint, or detainment and the conditions for cargo release
Cargo held by administrative authorities on suspicion of sanctions violations	Distinguishing between detainment arising from covered war risks and administrative or sanctions measures	Administrative orders, sanction documentation, export/import documents	Keep War Clauses and administrative procedures separate and organized
Damage to vessel and cargo caused by contact with abandoned mines	Type of abandoned weapons, cargo location at time of accident, duration	Marine casualty report, military announcements, survey report	Secure details on the weapon type and date of unloading
Cargo remained over 15 days after discharge at an intermediate port	Expiration of War Clauses period and resumption upon reloading	Arrival records, discharge records, reloading schedule	Confirm with insurer any coverage gaps during the period
Due to war risks, the vessel could not enter the intended port and discharged at an alternate port	Voyage alteration, 15-day period, additional charges, onward shipment	Port closure notices, shipping line notifications, B/L, insurer communications	Notify insurer before and after arrival at the alternate port
The contract of carriage was terminated at an intermediate port	Treating termination port as final discharge port, insurance termination	Termination notice, arrival and discharge records	Confirm coverage terms before any onward shipment
Only storage fees and additional transport costs occurred due to port closure	Cargo damage or delay and associated cost damages	Cargo inspection records, cost breakdown, contract of carriage	Delineate insurance coverage from contract liability for costs
A general average was declared to avoid hostile acts	Relation to covered risks avoidance, collective safety, extraordinary expenses	General average declaration, captain’s report, adjuster’s notice	Complete guarantee procedures and notify insurer promptly

Freight Forwarder's Scope of Involvement

Operational Area	Support Provided by Freight Forwarder	What the Freight Forwarder Should Not Decide	Main Contact Parties	Practical Measures
Insurance Conditions Verification	Collection of Policy, Certificate, Endorsement, and Clause Lists	Final determination of insurance claim payment	Shipper, Insurer, Insurance Broker	Confirm regular ICC and War Clauses separately
Route and Risk Zone Confirmation	Organize planned routes, transshipment ports, destination ports, and alternative routes	Definitive judgment that the sea area is legally recognized as a war zone	Shipping Line, NVOCC, Insurer	Notify insurer promptly in case of route changes
Accident Information Gathering	Organize information from government, maritime authorities, shipping lines, and ports	Final recognition of war, internal conflict, or hostile acts	Authorities, Shipping Line, Insurer	Preserve materials with source and timestamp
Cargo Condition Confirmation	Collect photos, inspections, survey reports, and pre- and post-accident materials	Determination of cause and amount of damage	Shipper, Warehouse, Surveyor	Separate physical damage from delays and costs
Insurance Period Confirmation	Chronologically organize loading, arrival, unloading, transshipment, and reloading times	Final judgment on applicability period of War Clauses	Insurer, Shipping Line, Terminal	Do not confuse the 15-day period with the 60-day mine risks
Termination of the Contract of Carriage	Coordinate termination notices, cargo location, and onward shipment plans	Judgment that coverage automatically continues under old terms	Insurer, NVOCC, Shipping Line, Shipper	Confirm notice requirements and any additional insurance premium before onward shipment
Discharge at Alternative Port / Voyage Change	Organize reasons for change, alternative ports, cost estimates, and cargo movement	Judgment that all additional charges are covered under War Clauses	Shipper, Shipping Line, NVOCC, Insurer	Confirm insurance terms and contract of carriage in parallel
Additional Charges	Detail storage fees, onward shipment costs, additional freight, and War Risk Surcharge	Obligation for NVOCC/freight forwarder to bear costs	Shipper, NVOCC, Shipping Line, Insurer	Separate B/L, tariff, quotation terms, and insurance
General Average	Coordinate declaration, guarantee letters, and cargo pickup conditions	Final determination of general average apportionment and accepted items	Insurer, Adjuster, Shipping Line	Arrange guarantees before cargo pickup deadlines
Preserving Rights Against Third Parties	Support Claim Letters, notification deadlines, and document collection	Legal responsibility of shipping line, NVOCC, warehouse, etc.	Shipping Line, NVOCC, Warehouse, Experts	Preserve rights separately from insurer notification

Practical Scenario 1: Arranging Cargo Passing Near Conflict Zones

Consider cargo transported along routes passing through sea areas near conflict zones or regions of escalating military tension.

Having only the standard ICC(A) attached does not necessarily guarantee coverage for war risks damage.

It is necessary to check the attachment of the Institute War Clauses (Cargo), the applicable version, the route, transshipment ports, insurer-designated conditions, additional insurance premiums, and endorsements relating to dangerous areas.

Additionally, the War Risk Surcharge charged by the carrier is an additional freight under the contract of carriage and is a separate cost from the war risks premium in cargo insurance.

NVOCCs and freight forwarders should clearly explain to the shipper the distinction between standard cargo insurance, war risks coverage, and the carrier’s additional freight charges.

Practical Scenario 2: Capture, Seizure, Arrest, Restraint, or Detainment for Military Reasons

Assume that a vessel in transit is subject to capture, seizure, arrest, restraint, or detainment for military or political reasons.

In this case, the mere fact that the ship was stopped is not sufficient. It must be confirmed whether the capture, seizure, arrest, restraint, or detainment arises from covered risks such as war, civil war, or hostile acts.

Obtain details such as the capture or seizure notice or the arrest, restraint, or detainment order, the issuing authority, legal basis, announcements from government or military authorities, the captain’s report, shipping line notifications, and the current location of the cargo.

Cases such as customs inspections, suspicion of sanction violations, unpaid port charges, or seizure by creditors may not fall under war risks.

Even if there is no physical damage to the cargo, issues such as inability to deliver, storage charges, additional costs, and shipment delays may occur. It is necessary to separately clarify the insurance coverage scope and the cost responsibilities under the contract of carriage.

Practical Scenario 3: Damage to Vessel and Cargo Caused by Abandoned Mines

Assume that during the voyage, the vessel comes into contact with an abandoned mine, resulting in damage to the ship’s hull as well as impact, fire, and water ingress damages to the loaded cargo.

Check the attachment of the Institute War Clauses (Cargo) and confirm whether the weapon involved qualifies as an abandoned mine, torpedo, bomb, or other abandoned weapon.

Secure the vessel’s accident report, announcements from military or coast guard authorities, accident coordinates, voyage logbook, survey report, and cargo photographs.

Also, regarding drifting or submerged mines and abandoned torpedoes, verify the cargo’s location at the time of the accident and the discharge date, since the maximum 60-day limit post lightering to/from ocean-going vessels and unloading may be relevant.

Practical Scenario 4: Inability to Enter Scheduled Port Due to War Risks

Due to war, military blockade, or hostile actions, the vessel may be unable to enter the originally scheduled port of destination and the cargo may be discharged at an alternative port.

In such cases, issues arise not only regarding the change of port but also the 15-day rule under the War Clauses, change of destination, carrier’s discretionary rights, termination of the contract of carriage, transshipment, and additional insurance premiums.

The arrival date and time at the alternative port, discharge timing, cargo location, planned transshipment, and the carrier’s notifications should be communicated to the insurer.

If the cargo is stored for an extended period at the alternative port after discharge, even if the insurance period under the main ICC continues, the period covered under the War Clauses may have expired.

NVOCCs and freight forwarders should concurrently notify the insurer and confirm any additional charges based on the Master B/L and House B/L.

Practical Scenario 5: Waiting for Transshipment Beyond 15 Days at an Intermediate Port

Suppose cargo is unloaded at an intermediate port to avoid war risks and scheduled to be transshipped onto another ocean-going vessel, but reloading takes 20 days due to vessel space shortages or port circumstances.

At the intermediate or refuge port, as a general rule, coverage under the War Clauses continues from 12:00 noon on the vessel's arrival day up to 15 days. After that, coverage resumes only when the cargo is loaded onto the onward ocean-going vessel or aircraft.

Therefore, there may be a coverage gap under the War Clauses from the end of the 15-day period until the time of reloading.

The arrival date, unloading date, planned reloading schedule, and cargo storage location should be reported to the insurer, and any necessary extension of coverage, additional premium, or special conditions should be confirmed.

It is necessary to separately confirm the period of coverage for ordinary risks during storage under the main ICC and the war risks period under the War Clauses.

Common Misunderstandings

Common Misunderstanding	Actual Concept	Practical Notes
War risks are covered under ICC(A)	War risks are generally excluded under standard ICC	Confirm separately the inclusion of Institute War Clauses (Cargo)
All damages occurring in conflict zones are war risks	There must be a causal link between the cause of loss and the insured war risks	Differentiate ordinary accidents, theft, delay, mismanagement, etc.
If a vessel is stopped by authorities, it always constitutes capture, seizure, arrest, restraint, or detainment	Check whether the restriction arises from covered war risks	Distinguish from customs, sanctions, administrative actions, or lien seizures
War Clauses cover all costs arising from port closures	Separate physical damage, general average, and delay or additional costs	Confirm insurance and contract basis for each type of cost
The war risks insurance period is also warehouse-to-warehouse	Usually begins from loading onto ocean-going vessel	May end during inland transport or after discharge
The 15-day rule means coverage continues for 15 days after unloading	Ends at whichever is earlier: unloading or 15 days after arrival at final port	Calculated from 12:00 noon on vessel’s arrival day
War Clauses continue while the cargo is at an intermediate port	Generally up to 15 days after arrival; coverage restarts upon reloading	Check for coverage gaps after 15 days
All abandoned weapons are guaranteed for 60 days after unloading under mine risks	The 60-day rule applies specifically to floating/sunken mines and abandoned torpedoes	Confirm the specific types of weapons involved
A declaration of general average automatically triggers payment under War Clauses	Requires a connection with loss avoidance caused by insured war risks	Verify the reason for declaration, settlement documents, and insured risks
War Clauses automatically continue even if the contract of carriage is terminated	The termination port is treated as the final discharge port; notice is required before reloading for onward shipment	Contact the insurer before reloading for onward shipment
Costs not covered by insurance are borne by the NVOCC	Insurance coverage and contractual cost liability are separate matters	Check House B/L, standard trading conditions, tariffs, and quotation terms
Notifying the insurer preserves rights of claim against the carrier	Notification to insurer and preserving rights against third parties are separate processes	Manage Claim Letters, notification deadlines, and limitation periods separately

Checklist for Decision-Making

Verification Scenario	Party to Confirm With	Items to Confirm	Actions if Issues Are Found
Identifying the Insurance Contract	Policyholder, Insurer, Insurance Broker	Policy number, Certificate number, Insured cargo	Cross-check the master policy with individual Certificates
Inclusion of War Clauses	Insurer, Insurance Broker	Clause name, edition, effective date, Endorsements	Obtain the applicable Clause documentation in writing
Classification of Incident	Insurer, Authorities, Carrier	War, civil war, hostile acts, Strikes risks, general accidents	Maintain multiple provisional classifications while gathering materials
Actors and Military Background	Government/military authorities, maritime authorities, carrier	Attacker, belligerent parties, target, purpose of action	Combine official announcements with on-site documentation
Capture, Seizure, Arrest, Restraint, and Detainment	Authorities, carrier, NVOCC	Acting authority, grounds, and causal relationship to covered war risks	Separate administrative/customs/sanctions issues for clarification
Cargo Damage	Carrier, warehouse, surveyor	Loss/damage, time of occurrence, direct cause	Conduct site preservation, take photographs, perform surveys
Insurance Commencement	Carrier, terminal, insurer	Loading time onto ocean-going vessel	Obtain loading records and Stowage Plan
15-Day Rule	Carrier, port authorities, insurer	Arrival date/time, anchorage/mooring, unloading date/time	Verify period by cross-checking Port Log and AIS data
Intermediate and Refuge Ports	Carrier, NVOCC, terminal	Arrival, unloading, cargo location, planned reloading	Confirm conditions with insurer before the 15-day period ends
Mine Risks	Military/maritime authorities, carrier, insurer	Type of weapon, lighter transport, unloading date, accident date	Individually confirm applicability and period of the 60-day special provision
Termination of the Contract of Carriage and Reloading for Onward Shipment	Carrier, NVOCC, insurer	Termination port, termination date, unloading, reloading terms	Notify before reloading and confirm additional insurance premium
Change of Destination or Deviation	Shipper, carrier, NVOCC, insurer	Decision maker, reason for change, notification, rates and conditions	Obtain insurer’s response before executing the change
General Average	Carrier, average adjuster, insurer	Declaration reason, insured risks, guarantees, contribution claim	Initiate guarantee procedures before cargo release
Additional Charges	Shipper, carrier, NVOCC, insurer	Storage fees, reloading expenses, additional freight, War Risk Surcharge	Classify according to insurance, B/L, tariff, and quotation terms
Claims Against Third Parties	Carrier, NVOCC, warehouse, experts	Claim Letter, notification deadlines, liability limits, statute of limitations	Preserve rights in parallel with insurance claims

Documents to be Confirmed in Practice

Document Type	Specific Documents	Contents to Confirm	Source	Notes
Insurance Contract	Policy, Certificate, Schedule, Endorsement	Attachment, edition, terms, and duration of War Clauses	Policyholder, Insurer	Check normal ICC and War Clauses separately
War Risk Classification	Official statements from government, military, defense authorities	War, civil strife, hostile acts, attacking parties	Public authorities	Save initial announcements and subsequent updates
Navigational Risks	Naval, coast guard, maritime authority navigation warnings	Mines, attacks, dangerous coordinates, navigation restrictions	Public authorities	Cross-check with vessel passage date and time
Vessel Incidents	Captain’s report, logbook, accident reports, AIS, Port Log	Accident course, location, arrival, departure, route	Shipping Line, NVOCC	Unify time zones
Capture / Seizure / Arrest / Restraint / Detainment	Authority orders, capture or seizure notices, and arrest, restraint, or detainment statements	Acting authority, legal basis, and affected vessel or cargo	Authorities, shipping line	Distinguish war risks from administrative actions
Cargo Damage	Survey report, photos, inspection records, repair estimates	Cause, extent, amount of damage	Surveyor, cargo owner	Separate delay/cost damages from physical damage
Insurance Period	Loading records, discharge report, EIR, transshipment records	Loading, unloading, reloading, cargo location	Shipping Line, terminal, warehouse	Times may differ for each cargo part
Contract of Carriage	Master B/L, House B/L, Sea Waybill	Route changes, alternative ports, storage, additional charges, liability	Shipping Line, NVOCC	Check not only front but also back terms and conditions
Rate Conditions	Booking confirmation, tariff, War Risk Surcharge notice, quotation	Additional freight, dangerous area surcharges, actual costs charged separately	Shipping Line, NVOCC, freight forwarder	Do not confuse insurance premiums with additional freight charges
General Average	General Average Declaration, General Average Bond, General Average Guarantee	Declaration reasons, guarantee conditions, cargo release terms	Shipping Line, general average adjuster	Notify insurer before submission deadline
Notification and Rights Preservation	Insurer notifications, Claim Letter, receipt confirmation	Notification timing, claim contents, deadline management	Insurer, shipping line, NVOCC, warehouse	Keep records of transmission and receipt

Summary

Institute War Clauses (Cargo) are Institute War Risk Clauses that provide separate coverage for war risks, which are excluded under the standard ICC (A), ICC (B), and ICC (C) clauses.

The main insured perils include war, civil war, revolution, rebellion, domestic disturbances arising from these, hostilities, capture, seizure, arrest, restraint, or detainment arising from the covered war risks, and abandoned mines, torpedoes, bombs, and other war weapons.

However, the mere fact that an incident occurs in a conflict zone is not sufficient. It is necessary to verify the acting parties, military background, authorities’ actions, accident location, and causal relationship to cargo damage through official government or military announcements, navigation warnings, captain’s reports, arrest, restraint, or detainment orders, and surveys.

The insurance period under the Institute War Clauses (Cargo) differs from the standard ICC body. In principle, coverage begins when the cargo is loaded onto an ocean-going vessel and ends at whichever occurs first: discharge at the final port of unloading or 15 days after 12:00 noon on the vessel’s arrival day.

At intermediate and refuge ports, coverage continues for up to 15 days after arrival, then recommences when the cargo is reloaded onto an ocean-going vessel or aircraft for onward shipment. Therefore, there could be a coverage gap between the expiry after 15 days and the reloading.

Coverage for floating or sunken mines and abandoned torpedoes is extended to barge transport to and from the ocean-going vessel, but, unless specially agreed by the insurer, it does not exceed 60 days after discharge from the ocean-going vessel. This 60-day provision should not be confused with the standard ICC body’s 60-day clause or a uniform extension period applied to all abandoned weapons.

If war risks cause discharge at a different port, transshipment, termination of the contract of carriage, onward shipment, or destination change, the cargo location, times of arrival, unloading, and reloading should be organized and promptly notified to the insurer to confirm continued coverage, rating, conditions, and any additional premiums.

General Average and salvage charges must be confirmed as arising from losses avoided due to the covered war risks. A declaration of General Average alone does not guarantee payment under the War Clauses.

Furthermore, whether the cargo insurance covers these costs and who among the shipper, carrier, NVOCC, or freight forwarder is responsible for additional discharge costs at alternative ports, storage charges, onward shipment costs, and extra freight are separate matters. It is necessary to cross-check the Master B/L, House B/L, standard trade terms, Booking Confirmation, carrier’s tariff, and quotation terms.

In actual claims, after understanding the overall picture from this article, it is important to refer to the articles on the insured perils under Institute War Clauses (Cargo), insurance period and voyage changes, and exclusions, and to consider them in conjunction with the standard ICC body, Institute Strikes Clauses (Cargo), B/L back clauses, and NVOCC clauses when making a judgment.